Effects of passion fruit (Passiflora tenuifila Killip) intake on eutrophic and obese subjects: Lipidomic approach

Obesity and overweight result in metabolic changes that build up as risk factors for the development of the main non-communicable diseases. Among these alterations, dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CDV) and is expressed in elevated plasma levels of triacylglycerols, cholesterol, and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL, VLDL) and decreased plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Passiflora tenuifila Killip is a native passion fruit species of the Brazilian Midwest region and is a good source of proanthocyanidins and dietary fibers. Proanthocyanidins are a class of phenolic compounds that are attributed with improving lipoprotein profile properties, translated as improved LDL/HDL ratio. Fibers are fermented by the gut microbiota and produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), also involved in the regulation of energetic metabolism.. A 30-consecutive-day-long intervention with lyophilized P. tenuifila flour was performed in eutrophic and obese subjects. Passion fruit ingestion increased fecal production of acetate, key SCFA in the modulation of lipid metabolism; reduced body fat percentage in all subjects; and reduced total cholesterol (TC) of subjects who presented basal CT > 130 mg/dL. After the intervention, plasma lipidomic analysis detected 44 statistically significant lipids, regardless of BMI. Considering the study population with altered TC, reduced levels of glycerophospholipids were observed, a lipid class studied for their involvement in CVD. The intake of P. tenuifila contributed to the improvement in cardiovascular risk markers and acts on lipid metabolism. These effects may be due to synergic action between the bioactive compounds in the fruit. Still, other studies are necessary to identify mechanisms related to the action of bioactives of P. tenuifila, which can be better directed by this lipidomic approach

A obesidade e o sobrepeso são preocupações resultam em alterações metabólicas que se acumulam como fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento a longo prazo das principais doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Dentre essas alterações, a dislipidemia um importante fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), expressa em níveis plasmáticos elevados de triacilgliceróis, colesterol e das lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (VLDL, LDL), e níveis diminuídos da lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL). Passiflora tenuifila Killip é uma espécie de maracujá nativa da região Centro-Oeste brasileira, e é uma boa fonte de proantocianidinas e fibras alimentares. As proantocianidinas são compostos fenólicos com reportados efeitos na melhora do perfil de lipoproteínas, traduzida como a relação LDL/HDL. As fibras são fermentadas pela microbiota intestinal e produzem ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), metabólitos também envolvidos na regulação do metabolismo energético.. Assim, a lipidômica não-target é aplicada como ferramenta exploratória neste estudo: uma intervenção de 30 dias consecutivos de ingestão de P. tenuifila na forma de farinha liofilizada em indivíduos eutróficos e obesos. O consumo do maracujá promoveu aumento da produção fecal de acetato, AGCC importante na modulação do metabolismo lipídico; a redução do percentual de gordura corporal em todos os indivíduos; e redução do colesterol total (CT) para os indivíduos com CT > 130 mg/dL. A análise lipidômica do plasma detectou 44 lipídios estatisticamente relevantes, independentemente do IMC, após a intervenção. Considerando a população do estudo com CT alterado, foi observada uma redução de glicerofosfolipídios, classe de lipídios estudada pelo seu envolvimento em DCV. Assim, a ingestão de P. tenuifila contribui para a melhora nos marcadores de risco cardiovascular e atua no metabolismo lipídico. Estes efeitos podem ser decorrentes de sinergia entre os diversos compostos bioativos do fruto. Ainda, outros estudos são necessários para identificar mecanismos relacionados a ação dos bioativos da P. tenuifila e estes podem ser mais bem direcionados pela lipidômica

Aplicación de las propiedades nutracéuticas y estabilizantes del mesocarpio y exocarpio del maracuyá en la obtención de una bebida natural de chinola-piña / Application of the nutraceutical and stabilizing properties of the passion fruit mesocarp and exocarp in obtaining a natural passion fruit-pineapple drink

Introducción: este estudio consistió en el desarrollo de una bebida natural de maracuyá-piña, utilizando el exocarpio, mesocarpio y endocarpio del maracuyá como estabilizante y enriquecedor nutritivo de la bebida, convirtiéndolo así en un producto nutracéutico. El mesocarpio del maracuyá puede ser aprovechado por los macronutrientes y micronutrientes que contiene, por sus pigmentos, y por el contenido de varios nutrientes con propiedades terapéuticas. Material y método: para lograr este objetivo se prepararon pulpas especiales tratadas con biomoléculas que permiten desagregar el material vegetal del cual están compuestas las frutas dejando disponible todos los nutrientes que contiene. Resultado: de este proceso se obtuvo un jugo estable en su turbidez con un color y olor bastante acentuado, relacionado con las frutas que fueron utilizadas en la investigación. Además, se obtuvo un jugo en donde los nutrientes y moléculas bioactivas atrapadas en el mesocarpio y en el pericarpio de la fruta ahora están disponibles para su inmediata absorción en el organismo humano. Conclusión: el producto tratado con biocatalizador presentó mayor estabilidad y mayores propiedades nutracéuticas que el jugo sin ese tratamiento.

Introduction: This study consisted in the development of a natural passion fruit-pineapple drink, taking advantage of the exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp of the passion fruit in the process as stabilizer and nutritive enrichment of the drink, thus turning it into a nutraceutical product. The mesocarp of the passion fruit can be used for the macronutrients and micronutrients it contains, for its pigments, and for the content of various nutrients with therapeutic properties. Material and methods: To achieve this objective, special pulps treated with biomolecules were prepared that allow the disaggregation of the plant material of which the fruits are composed, leaving all the nutrients it contains available. Result: As a result of this process, a stable juice was obtained in its turbidity with a fairly accentuated color and smell, related to the fruits that were used in the research. In addition, a juice was obtained where the nutrients and bioactive molecules trapped in the mesocarp and in the pericarp of the fruit are now available for immediate absorption in the human body. In conclusion, the product treated with a biocatalyst presented greater stability and higher nutraceutical properties than the juice without this treatment

Estrés oxidativo e ingesta de Passiflora edulis en voleibolistas hombres / Oxidative stress and intake of Passiflora edulis in men's volleyball players

Introducción: El estrés oxidativo, puede disminuir el rendimiento deportivo, generando una posible sobrecarga muscular. Una adecuada alimentación contribuye a disminuir los productos derivados del estrés oxidativo; un alimento antiestrés oxidativo es el fruto de la Passiflora edulis, ya que se ha comprobado in-vitro su alto contenido polifenólico. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto del consumo de Passiflora edulis sobre marcadores de estrés oxidativo en voleibolistas durante un microciclo de choque. Metodología: Voluntariamente participaron 14 voleibolistas; aleatoriamente fueron divididos en grupo experimental (GE) y grupo placebo (GP), ambos grupos entraron al microciclo de choque. Durante los siete días del microciclo, GE consumió 2 ml/día de zumo de Passiflora edulis (1mg/ml) y GP recibió 2 ml de placebo. Se tomaron 4 muestras sanguíneas durante los días 1(D1), 4(D4), 7(D7) y 14(D14). Se determinó catalasa (CAT), superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y las sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Resultados: Durante el microciclo, SOD incremento en ambos grupos, en D4 con respecto al D1, y disminuyó del D14 con respecto al D7 ambos significativamente. La CAT no presentó diferencias estadísticas entre los días evaluados. Las diferencias estadísticas con respecto a TBARS únicamente se presentaron en GE y fueron en el incremento del D4 con respecto al D1, y en el descenso del D14 con respecto al D7. No hubo diferencias significativas al comparar las mediciones realizadas entre el GE y el GP. Conclusión: No se encontró efecto significativo del consumo de P. edulis sobre los marcadores de estrés oxidativo evaluados, es necesario evaluar diferentes concentraciones del zumo.

Introduction: Oxidative stress can decrease sports performance, generating a possible muscle overload. An adequate diet contributes to reducing the products derived from oxidative stress; an oxidative anti-stress food is the fruit of Passiflora edulis, as has been verified in-vitro its high polyphenolic content. Objective: to determine the effect of Passiflora edulis consumption on oxidative stress markers in volleyball players during a shock microcycle. Methodology: 14 volleyball players participated voluntarily; They were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG) and a placebo group (PG), both groups entered the shock microcycle. During the seven days of the microcycle, GE consumed 2 ml / day of Passiflora edulis juice (1mg/ml) and PG received 2 ml of placebo. Four blood samples were taken on days 1(D1), 4(D4), 7(D7) and 14(D14). Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined. Results: During the microcycle, SOD increased in both groups, in D4 compared to D1, and decreased significantly in D14 compared to D7. The CAT did not present statistical differences between the days evaluated. The statistical differences with respect to TBARS only appeared in GE and were in the increase of D4 with respect to D1, and in the decrease of D14 with respect to D7. There were no significant differences when comparing the measurements made between the EG and the GP. Conclusion: No significant effect of the consumption of Passiflora edulis was found on the oxidative stress markers evaluated, it is necessary to evaluate different concentrations of the juice.

Obtención de un colorante a partir de corteza de maracuyá con el uso de técnicas convencionales de extracción / Obtaining a dye from passion fruit cortex with the use of conventional extraction techniques

RESUMEN El maracuyá es un fruto tropical que se cultiva primordialmente para la obtención de pulpa, siendo la corteza su principal subproducto que carece, en la actualidad, de interés industrial; sin embargo, con el fin de diversificar los derivados provenientes de la producción de maracuyá, se ha demostrado que la corteza contiene carotenoides, dentro de los que se destaca el β-caroteno y la luteína, que podrían ser utilizados en alimentos, debido a su poder antioxidante e, incluso, como colorante natural alternativo. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener un extracto rico en carotenoides a partir de su corteza; para ello, se evaluó la extracción con etanol, mediante tres técnicas: inmersión, baño termostático y soxhlet. El mayor rendimiento, se obtuvo con el método soxhlet; para esta técnica, se estudió el efecto de la concentración de etanol (entre 80% y 90% v/v), la proporción solvente-materia prima (con relaciones entre 40:1 y 50:1) y el tiempo (definido entre 90 y 150 minutos). Los resultados, se analizaron mediante modelo de superficie de respuesta, obteniendo el mayor rendimiento con etanol al 90%, utilizando 50mL/g corteza y 150 minutos de operación. A estas condiciones, el rendimiento de extracción fue de 2208,53µg β-caroteno/100g muestra. Por último, se determinó la diferencia de color entre el extracto óptimo y una solución de tartrazina, evidenciando una diferencia de color de 3,07 unidades cieLAB, lo cual, muestra que el producto de lixiviación de la corteza de maracuyá tiene potencial para su uso como aditivo alimentario, reemplazando colorantes sintéticos, como la tartrazina.

ABSTRACT Passion fruit is a tropical fruit that is usually cultivated to obtain pulp, being the cortex its main not exploited by-product, because of the actual absence of industrial interest. However, with the aim of diversifying the derivates from the production of passion fruit products, it has been demonstrated that the cortex contains carotenoids, such as β-carotene and lutein; which could be used in food due to its antioxidant capacity, or even like a food colorant. Therefore, the objective of this work was to obtain a carotenoid-rich extract from its cortex; for this, three techniques of extraction with ethanol were evaluated, by immersion, thermostatic bath and Soxhlet. Being the last technique that one with which the best yield was obtained. With the highest yield technique, the following factors were evaluated: ethanol concentration on 80% and 90% v/v, solvent-raw material ratio on 40:1 and 50:1 and time on 90 and 150min. The best yield was obtaining to 90% ethanol, 50mL solvent/g raw material and 150min, for an extraction yield of 2208.53µg β-caroten/100 g sample. Finally, the color difference between the optimal extract and a tartrazine solution was determined, evidencing a color difference of 3.07cieLAB units; this shows that the passion fruit leaching product has the potential to be used as a food additive, replacing synthetic dyes such as tartrazine.

Genetic variability of selected Passiflora alata genotypes based on the physical characteristics of fruits / Variabilidade genética de genótipos selecionados de Passiflora alata baseada em características físicas de frutos

ABSTRACT: Over several past centuries, specific plant populations have been carefully selected to filter strains with higher agronomic performance. Genetic variability is most essential for successful selection. The Passiflora genus offers great inter- and intra-specific variability. This study aimed to evaluate the physical characteristics of the genotypes of the elite passion fruit (Passiflora alata) for selection purpose. We considered the physical traits of fruit mass, longitudinal and equatorial diameters, peel thickness and color, and pulp mass and volume without and with seeds and pulp yield. The sources of variation for the analysis of variance included the fruits of 8 elite genotypes, with 3 replications, whose means were compared by Tukey's test at 1% probability. We also performed multivariate analysis and correlation between these characteristics. Statistical differences were noted between elite genotypes for most of the tested traits. The elite 7 genotype presented with the highest seedless pulp yield in relation to the fruit and the largest fruit mass. Cluster analysis and graphic dispersion revealed a tendency for clustering of the elite genotypes based on their fruit shape. The tested population showed genetic variability, which allowed new selection cycles toward gaining pulp yield and fruit mass.

RESUMO: Há séculos, populações de plantas vem sendo selecionadas a fim de se obter linhagens com maior desempenho agronômico. Para o sucesso da seleção, a variabilidade genética é essencial, sendo que dentro do gênero Passiflora há grande variabilidade inter e intraespecífica. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar as características físicas de frutos de genótipos elite de maracujazeiro-doce (Passiflora alata) para fins de seleção. Foram avaliadas a massa, diâmetros longitudinal e equatorial de frutos, espessura e coloração da casca e massa e volume de polpa com e sem sementes e rendimentos de polpa. As fontes de variação para análise de variância foram os frutos de oito genótipos elite, com três repetições, cujas médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 1% de probabilidade. Foram realizadas ainda análises multivariadas e de correlação entre as características. Houve diferenças estatísticas entre os genótipos elite para a maioria das características avaliadas. O genótipo elite sete foi o que apresentou maior rendimento de polpa sem sementes, em relação ao fruto e maior massa de fruto. Análises de agrupamento e dispersão gráfica evidenciaram uma tendência de agrupamento dos genótipos elite com base no formato dos frutos. A população apresenta variabilidade genética, que permite novos ciclos de seleção para ganho em rendimento de polpa e massa dos frutos.

Characterization of Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus in Passiflora edulis 'Catarina' in the southern coast of Santa Catarina State, Brazil / Caracterização do Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus em Passiflora edulis cv. Catarina no litoral sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil

CABMV is a limiting virus for passion fruit crop in Brazil, its main producing country. This virus has been reported in all producing states of the country, with the state of Santa Catarina (SC) in 2017 standing as the third largest passion fruit producer. In 2017, it reached 8.4% of the national production. The southern coast is the main responsible for the increase in production, which has been supplying the domestic market. However, in that same year, this region recorded the first symptom expressions in plants and fruits. The evaluation of the samples collected in the municipalities of Sombrio, Praia Grande and São João do Sul, southern coast of SC, was performed by using a mechanical transmission to indicator plants, PTA-ELISA and RT-PCR, and by sequencing. The evaluation results were positive for CABMV and negative for CMV in PTA-ELISA. In RT-PCR, there was the formation of a 700bp ca band, expected size for Potyvirus, whose sequence comparison with those deposited in GenBank reveled 98% identity with the isolates from São Paulo State. The occurrence of the virus in the southern coast of SC did not reach a serious decrease in passion fruit production due to the union of producers, who adopted preventive management measures to control the virus, whose effect led to a consolidation of the passion fruit production chain in the region.(AU)

O CABMV é um vírus limitante para a cultura do maracujá no Brasil, principal país produtor mundial, cuja ocorrência já foi relatada em todos os estados produtores. Em 2017, o estado de Santa Catarina (SC) foi o terceiro maior produtor de maracujá no Brasil, responsável por 8,4% da produção nacional, sendo o litoral sul o principal responsável pelo aumento da produção, garantindo o abastecimento do mercado interno. Entretanto, nesse mesmo ano, essa região registrou as primeiras expressões de sintomas em plantas e frutos. Uma avaliação das amostras coletadas nos municípios de Sombrio, Praia Grande e São João do Sul, litoral sul de Santa Catarina, foi realizada por transmissão mecânica para plantas indicadoras, PTA-ELISA, RT-PCR e sequenciamento. Os resultados foram positivos para o CABMV e negativos para o CMV, tanto em PTA-ELISA quanto RT-PCR. Na RT-PCR, houve a amplificação de bandas com ca de 700pb, tamanho esperado para o Potyvirus cuja comparação de sequências com as depositadas no GenBank revelaram 98% de similaridade com os isolados do estado de São Paulo. A ocorrência do vírus na região do litoral sul de Santa Catarina não causou quebra na produção de maracujá devido à adoção conjunta de medidas preventivas de manejo pelos produtores, fato que consolidou a cadeia produtiva do maracujá na região.(AU)

Digestibilidade, comportamento ingestivo e desempenho de ovinos alimentados com resíduos de agroindústrias processadoras de frutas / Digestibility, intake behavior, and performance of sheep fed residues from fruit processing agro-industries

Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo, a digestibilidade e o desempenho de ovinos, arraçoados com dietas isoproteicas, contendo 75% de resíduos da agroindústria frutífera (abacaxi, acerola, maracujá e cupuaçu), uma dieta com feno de tifton e 25% de concentrado, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. A participação do resíduo de maracujá na dieta proporcionou os maiores níveis de consumo de matéria seca (1170,6g d-1) em relação aos resíduos de abacaxi (693,8g d-1), acerola (644,2g d-1), cupuaçu (452,9g d-1) e feno de tifton (962,7g d-1), o que se relaciona aos seus níveis de digestibilidade (77,8; 63,1; 59,1; 61,7 e 71,8%, respectivamente). Tal resultado gerou diferenças significativas, destacando-se o resíduo de maracujá quanto à conversão alimentar (8,3), e o ganho médio diário de peso (141,5g d-1). Apesar de ter tido a mesma conversão observada para o feno de tifton (13,2), apresentou maior ganho médio diário (75,6g d-1). Os demais resíduos apresentaram efeitos sobrepostos, contudo o resíduo de acerola ficou com a pior conversão (51,4) e o menor ganho médio diário (15,6g d-1), sendo esse sem diferença em relação ao cupuaçu (23,0g d-1). Os resíduos podem ser utilizados como alternativa para a alimentação de ovinos.(AU)

The objective was to evaluate the consumption, digestibility and performance of the sheep with iso protein diets, with 75% of residues from fruit agro-industries (pineapple, acerola, passion fruit, and cupuassu) and a diet with tifton hay, and 25% of concentrate, in a totally randomized design. The participation of passion fruit residue on the diet provided the highest consumption levels of dry matter (1170.6g d -1 ) compared with the residues of pineapple (693.8g d -1 ), acerola (644.2g d -1 ), cupuassu (452.9g d -1 ) and tifton hay (962.7g d -1 ), which is related to their levels of digestibility (77.85, 63.14, 59.07, 61.68 and 71.83%, respectively). Such a result generated significant differences with emphasis on passion fruit residue regarding food inversion (8.30) and average daily weight gain (141.50g d -1 ), in spite of having the same conversion detected for tifton hay (13.2), it showed a higher average daily gain (75.6g d -1 ). The other residues showed overlapping effects, however, acerola residue showed the worst conversion level (51.4) and the lowest average daily gain (15.6g d -1 ), and this one showed no difference compared with cupuassu (23.0g d -1 ). The residues can be used as an alternative for sheep feeding.(AU)

In Vitro Organogenesis from Root Explants of Passiflora miniata Mast, an Amazonian Species with Ornamental Potential

ABSTRACT The present study reports a shoot organogenesis-based system for in vitro regeneration of Passiflora miniata, an Amazonia passion fruit species. Root segments were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations (range 2-9 µM) of 6-benzyladenine (BA); thidiazuron (TDZ) or kinetin (KIN). Plant growth regulators were not added to the control treatment. Root explants have showed a high regenerative potential. After 30 days of in vitro culture, the root explants showed several shoots formed direct and indirectly. TDZ provided the best response in the differentiation adventitious shoots, mainly in the presence of 6.8 µM. The cytokinins BA and KIN responded producing a reduced number of shoots. After 120 days, rooted regenerated plants were transferred to a greenhouse for acclimatization. This regeneration system opens new perspectives for micropropagation and conservation of this wild Amazonic passion fruit species.

Agronomic characterization and genetic parameter estimation in yellow passion fruit / Caracterização agronômica e estimativa de parâmetros genéticos em maracujazeiro azedo

The selection of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) genotypes with high yield and fruit quality is essential for the development of passion fruit crop in the country. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance and estimate the genetic parameters of 32 yellow passion fruit genotypes cultivated in the Federal District, Brazil. The experiment consisted of randomized block design with 32 treatments, eight plants per plot, and four replications. Fruits were classified based on their equatorial diameter. Yield, number of fruits per hectare, and fruit weight were evaluated. Genotypes MAR20#23 and UnB-P7 presented the highest total yield, and MAR20#23 also showed the greatest total number of fruits per hectare. BRS GA1 and MAR20#23 had the best performance for industrial purposes dues to the fruits of smaller diameter classes. UnB-P7, AR-01, and MSC were more indicated for in natura consumption owing to the fruits of greater diameter classes. The high magnitude estimates for heritability and genetic variation coefficients indicate the possibility of greater genetic gains with direct selection for yield and number of fruits of 1C diameter class. Significant phenotypic correlations were observed, indicating the possibility of indirect selection for number of fruits, fruit weight, and yield.

A seleção de genótipos de maracujazeiro azedo (Passiflora edulis Sims) que apresentem alta produtividade e qualidade de frutos é essencial para o desenvolvimento da cultura do maracujá no país. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho agronômico e de estimar parâmetros genéticos de 32 genótipos de maracujazeiro azedo cultivados no Distrito Federal, Brasil. O experimento consistiu de um delineamento em blocos casualizados com 32 tratamentos, oito plantas por parcela, e quatro repetições. Os frutos foram classificados de acordo com o seu diâmetro equatorial. Produtividade, número de frutos por hectare e peso de frutos foram avaliados. Os genótipos MAR20#23 e UNB-P7 apresentaram as maiores produtividades totais, com valores superiores à média nacional. MAR20#23 também mostrou o maior número total de frutos por hectare. BRA GA1 e MAR20#23 exibiram a melhor performance para frutos de menores classes de diâmetro, que são destinados a fins industriais. Para o consumo in natura (frutos de maiores classes de diâmetro), UnB-P7, AR-01 e MSC apresentaram o melhor desempenho. As altas magnitudes das estimativas de herdabilidade e dos coeficientes de variação genéticos indicam a possibilidade de maiores ganhos por seleção direta para produtividade e número de frutos classe 1C. Correlações fenotípicas significativas foram observadas, indicando a possibilidade de seleção indireta para número de frutos, peso de frutos e produtividade.

Overcoming dormancy in stored and recently harvested Passiflora cincinnata Mast. seeds / Superação de dormência em sementes de Passiflora cincinnata Mast. armazenadas e recém-colhidas

The treatment of seeds using growth regulators can overcome seed dormancy and increase the emergence and development of seedlings. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of GA4+7 + N-(phenyl methyl)-aminopurine on the dormancy breaking of Passiflora cincinnata Mast. seeds recently harvested and stored for six years. The study was conducted in a greenhouse at Embrapa Cassava and Tropical Fruits, in completely randomized design, in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with the following factors: year of seed harvest (2010 and 2016) and the emergence promoter GA4+7 + N-(phenyl methyl)-aminopurine at four concentrations (0%; 0.03%; 0.45% and 0.90%), with 4 replicates of 25 seeds. Emergence percentage, first count, emergence speed index, number of leaves, root length, stem diameter, dry matter of shoots, roots and total, and root/shoot ratio were evaluated. The results showed that GA4+7 + N-(phenyl methyl)-aminopurine is recommended to overcome dormancy of Passiflora cincinnata in recently harvested seeds (2016) and increase the emergence of seedlings from seeds stored for six years in cold chamber (2010). The emergence promoter concentration of 0.03% can be used to overcome dormancy in recently harvested seeds and maintains the vigor of seeds stored for six years. Passiflora cincinnata seeds remain physiologically viable for six years and their emergence is potentiated by the use of GA4+7 + N-(phenyl methyl)-aminopurine.

O tratamento de sementes com reguladores de crescimento pode superar a dormência das sementes, aumentar o vigor e o desenvolvimento das mudas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de GA4 + 7 + N- (fenilmetil) -aminopurina na quebra de dormência de sementes de Passiflora cincinnata recentemente colhidas e armazenadas por seis anos. O estudo foi conduzido em uma estufa na Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com os seguintes fatores: ano de colheita de sementes (2010 e 2016) e promotor de emergência GA4 + 7 + N - (fenilmetil) - aminopurina em quatro concentrações (0%; 0,03%; 0,45% e 0,90%), com 4 repetições de 25 sementes. Foram avaliados a porcentagem de emergência, a primeira contagem, o índice de velocidade de emergência, o número de folhas, o comprimento da raiz, o diâmetro do caule, a matéria seca da parte aérea, das raízes, total e a relação raiz/parte aérea. O GA4 + 7 + N - (fenilmetil) - aminopurina é recomendado para superar a dormência de Passiflora cincinnata em sementes recentemente colhidas (2016) e aumenta a emergência de sementes armazenadas por seis anos em câmara fria. A concentração do promotor de emergência de 0,03% pode ser usada para superar a dormência em sementes recentemente colhidas e potencializa o vigor das sementes armazenadas durante seis anos. As sementes de Passiflora cincinnata permanecem fisiologicamente viáveis por seis anos e seu vigor é potencializado pelo uso de GA4 + 7 + N - (fenilmetil) - aminopurina.

Embriogénesis no zigótica en Passiflora maliformis Nonzygotic / Embryogenesis in Passiflora maliformis

La importancia económica, ecológica y medicinal de las pasifloras ha fomentado el desarrollo de investigaciones multidisciplinarias en estas plantas. En cultivo in vitro, la embriogénesis no zigótica representa una alternativa para regeneración de plantas; no obstante, esta técnica ha presentado dificultades en la reproducibilidad de los protocolos, así como formación de ciertos embriones y plántulas anormales en algunas especies. En este estudio se evaluó la capacidad morfogénica de embriones zigóticos maduros (EZM) de Passiflora maliformis L para desarrollar embriones no zigóticos (ENZ), y posterior regeneración de plántulas. Se ensayó una etapa de inducción en la que se probaron 12 tratamientos en medio MS+VitB5 suplementado con 2,4-D, KIN y BA adicionados solos o combinados y, otra, de expresión en MS, MS con Carbón activado (CA) o MS con reguladores de crecimiento (RC) en concentraciones reducidas a 1/10 parte de las adicionadas en la etapa inducción. Altos porcentajes, 70%, de regenerantes fueron obtenidos en el medio suplementado con 1 mgL-1 BA y transferidos a medio de expresión MS, así como en el medio con 1 mgL-1 BA + 3 mgL-1 2,4-D, y transferidos a medio de expresión con CA, 60%. El 70% de las plántulas regeneradas se desarrollaron exitosamente en invernadero. Este trabajo es el primero que aborda la expresión del potencial embriogénico de EZM de P. maliformis induciendo exitosamente respuestas embriogénicas no zigóticas a través de rutas directas e indirectas; los resultados obtenidos son aplicables al conocimiento de la embriogénesis no zigótica en otras pasifloras, con fines de mejoramiento y uso comercial.

The economic, ecological and medical significance of passion fruits has encouraged the development of multidisciplinary research in this group. In vitro culture, non-zygotic embryogenesis represents an alternative for plant regeneration; however, this technique has presented difficulties in the reproducibility of protocols as well as the development of certain embryos and abnormal plantlets in some species. We assessed in Passiflora maliformis L the morphogenic capacity in the mature zygotic embryos (MZE) to develop nonzygotic embryos (NZE), and subsequent plantlets regeneration. We tested an induction stage with 12 treatments in MS + VitB5 medium supplemented with 2,4-D, KIN and BA added alone or combined and, another with a MS, MS with Activated Charcoal (AC) or MS with growth regulators (GR) in 1/10 concentrations reduced to 1/10 of those added in the induction stage. We obtained high percentages, 70%, of regenerants in the medium supplemented with 1 mgL-1 BA and transferred to the MS expression medium, as well as in the medium with 1 mgL-1 BA + 3 mgL-1 2,4-D, and transferred to the expression medium with AC, 60%. 70% of the regenerated seedlings were successfully grown in the greenhouse. This is the first research that addresses the expression of the MZE embryogenic potential in P. maliformis, inducing a successfully embryogenic non-zygotic responses through direct and indirect routes; the obtained results are relevant to the knowledge of non-zygotic embryogenesis in other passion fruits, for breeding and commercial uses.

Evaluación de la capacidad patogénica de Fusarium spp. en modelos vegetal y murino / Evaluation of Fusarium spp. pathogenicity in plant and murine models

El género Fusarium es ampliamente conocido por su capacidad fitopatógena, típicamente asociada al marchitamiento vascular. Sin embargo, se ha reportado como un patógeno oportunista en pacientes inmunocompetentes e inmunocomprometidos, por lo que puede ser considerado como un microorganismo de interés en estudios de patogenicidad en diferentes hospederos. Este trabajo evaluó la capacidad patogénica de aislamientos de Fusarium spp. de diferentes orígenes en hospederos vegetales y en un hospedero animal (modelo murino). Doce aislamientos de Fusarium spp. de origen vegetal, animal superficial, humano superficial y humano sistémico fueron inoculados en plantas de tomate, gulupa y clavel, y en ratones BALB/c, inmunocompetentes e inmunosuprimidos. Las pruebas de patogenicidad en plantas no mostraron todos los síntomas asociados al marchitamiento vascular en los tres modelos vegetales, pero la colonización y la necrosis de los haces vasculares observada en todos los casos, independientemente de la especie de Fusarium y el origen del aislamiento, demostró el potencial infeccioso de Fusarium spp. en las diferentes especies de plantas. Por otro lado, las pruebas de patogenicidad en el modelo murino evidenciaron alteraciones del comportamiento. Asimismo, se observó en el modelo murino que todos los aislamientos infectaron y colonizaron diferentes órganos, independientemente de su origen, de la especie o del estado inmunitario del hospedero, pero solamente cinco (de diferente origen y correspondientes a diferentes especies) generaron mortalidad. En contraste, la prueba de inoculación superficial no evidenció lesiones ni colonización. Los resultados observados indican el potencial papel patogénico de los aislamientos de Fusarium spp. en los diferentes tipos de hospederos. Sin embargo, es necesario profundizar en estudios de factores de patogenicidad que expliquen la capacidad de este género para colonizar múltiples hospederos.

The genus Fusarium is widely recognized for its phytopathogenic capacity. However, it has been reported as an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Thus, it can be considered a microorganism of interest in pathogenicity studies on different hosts. Therefore, this work evaluated the pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. isolates from different origins in plants and animals (murine hosts). Twelve isolates of Fusarium spp. from plants, animal superficial mycoses, and human superficial and systemic mycoses were inoculated in tomato, passion fruit and carnation plants, and in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed BALB/c mice. Pathogenicity tests in plants did not show all the symptoms associated with vascular wilt in the three plant models; however, colonization and necrosis of the vascular bundles, regardless of the species and origin of the isolates, showed the infective potential of Fusarium spp. in different plant species. Moreover, the pathogenicity tests in the murine model revealed behavioral changes. It was noteworthy that only five isolates (different origin and species) caused mortality. Additionally, it was observed that all isolates infected and colonized different organs, regardless of the species and origin of the isolates or host immune status. In contrast, the superficial inoculation test showed no evidence of epidermal injury or colonization. The observed results in plant and murine models suggest the pathogenic potential of Fusarium spp. isolates in different types of hosts. However, further studies on pathogenicity are needed to confirm the multihost capacity of this genus.

Dry Extract of Passiflora incarnata L. leaves as a Cardiac and Hepatic Oxidative Stress Protector in LDLr-/- Mice Fed High-Fat Diet

ABSTRACT The control of dyslipidemia by using herbal products is an important subject for studies. In this study, we evaluated the effects of dry Passiflora incarnata L. extract over dyslipidemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and hepatic oxidative stress of LDL receptor knockout mice (LDLr-/-). Forty 4-month old male LDLr-/- mice were distributed into four groups: Group standard diet; Group standard diet and 200 mg/kg of body weight of Passiflora incarnata L. leaf dry extract; Group high-fat diet; Group high-fat diet and 200 mg/kg of body weight of Passiflora incarnata L. leaf dry extract. After 30 days, Passiflora incarnata L. dry extract reduced the effects of the high-fat diet, with a decrease of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and increase of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), as well as a reduction of C-reactive protein, alkaline phosphatase and insulin. There was no effect on glucose, Homa index and enzymes aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. However, the prevention of left ventricular hypertrophy occurred, as well as lipid peroxidation and the production of carbonyl proteins, which are both oxidative stress markers. In conclusion, Passiflora incarnata L. dry extract acts in the prevention of dyslipidemia, consequently, hindering the occurrence of hepatic oxidative stress and the development of left ventricular hypertrophy by the increase of serum HDL, in mice that had the effects of a high-fat diet.

Comparative study of Passiflora taxa leaves: II. A chromatographic profile

ABSTRACT Popularly known as passion fruit, some species of the genus Passiflora are widely used in folk medicines, such as sedatives and tranquilizers in many countries. Although these plants are employed for the same purposes, research with different species of Passiflora has indicated their heterogeneous chemical compositions. Since different chemical compositions can result in varying degrees of therapeutic efficiency, quality control based on the chemical constituents of each species is essential. To that end, the aim of this study was to compare pharmacognostically species of Passiflora in order to establish a chromatographic profile for the quality control of drugs in herbal medicines containing passion fruit. The study was conducted by collecting samples of leaves from twelve Passiflora taxa (i.e., ten species and two forms of P. edulis) – P. actinia, P. alata, P. amethystina, P. capsularis, P. cincinnata, P. edulis f. flavicarpa, P. edulis f. edulis, P. incarnata, P. morifolia, P. urnifolia, P. coccinea, and P. setacea – from different locations and obtaining their chromatographic profiles via thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Both methods used the flavonoid C-glycosides isoorientin, orientin, vitexin, and isovitexin as reference compounds and could ultimately establish specific profiles for each species. The chromatographic analyses discussed here can be used to assist in determining the quality and authenticity of herbal drugs derived from Passiflora species.

Relatório da medição de pH e acidez da polpa e néctar de maracujá amarelo (Passiflora edulisflavicarpaDegener) e análise sensorial do néctar / Report of ph measurement and acidity of pulp and necar of yellow maracujá(passiflora edulis flavicarpadegener), and sensory analysis of néctar

Introdução: o maracujá é uma fruta cuja polpa pode ser utilizada na preparação de sucos, sorvetes, vinhos, licores ou doces. O estado de maturidade do vegetal, que é um dos fatores mais importante na qualidade do produto final e o pH da polpa e do néctar do maracujá amarelo, são, para o mercado, características fundamentais. Objetivo: analisar o pH da polpa e do néctar do maracujá amarelo, e realizar a análise sensorial do néctar do maracujá amarelo de uma Recebido em: 21/0652017 amostra selecionada. Método: as amostras foram higienizadas pri meiramente com detergente neutro sempre em contado com água corrente. Foram usados 20 ml de polpa de maracujá e diluído para que o phmetro pudesse identificar a medida de pH. A análise sensorial foi realizada apenas pela descrição das características sensoriais pelo grupo de alunos provadores. Resultados: a média do pH da polpa foi 4,28 e para o néctar, 3,8. A análise do ácido cítrico na polpa foi de 7,96% e no néctar. Os provadores, na porcentagem de 99% referiram que gostaram e comprariam a bebida caso disponível no mercado. Conclusão: observa-se então que o elevado pH para um produto na qual se visava a formulação do néctar teve ótimo aproveitamento. Contudo o pH ácido diminui a acidez do produto, deixando de certa forma um equilíbrio que infelizmente pode ser facilmente desfeito. Ambas as medições de pH da polpa e do néctar se mostraram elevadíssimo, já as medições de acidez por não ter um parâmetro legislativo para resguardar a quantidade máxima, considerou-se dentro dos padrões.

Introduction: passion fruit is a fruit whose pulp can be used in the preparation of juices, ice creams, wines, liqueurs or sweets. The state of maturity of the vegetable, which is one of the most important factors in the quality of the final product, and the pH of the yellow passion fruit pulp and nectar, are fundamental characteristics for the market. Objective: to observe the pH of the yellow passion fruit pulp and nectar, and to perform the sensory analysis of yellow passion fruit nectar from a selected sample. Method: firstly, samples were sanitized with neutral detergent always counted with running water. 20 ml of passion fruit pulp and diluted were used so that the phmetro could identify the pH measure. Sensory analysis was performed only by the description of the sensorial characteristics by the group of student tasters. Results: the mean pH of the pulp was 4.28 and for the nectar, 3.8. The citric acid analysis in the pulp was 7.96% and in the nectar. The tasters, in the percentage of 99% mentioned that they liked and would buy the drink if available in the market. Conclusion: It was observed that the high pH for a product in which the formulation of the nectar had a good use. However the acidic PH decreases the acidity of the product, leaving in a way a balance that unfortunately can be easily undone. Both measurements of pH of the pulp and nectar were very high, since the acidity measurements for not having a legislative parameter to protect the maximum quantity was considered within the standards.

Development of sunscreen products containing passion fruit seed extract

Abstract Application of sunscreen is the most established method of protecting skin from premature aging and photoaging. In this study, the passion fruit seed extract, enriched with biologically beneficial phenolics, was formulated into sun-protective makeup product. The UVB protection of concealer mousse was found have twofold higher sun protection factor (SPF) than the liquid foundation (15.48 ± 1.60 and 5.88 ± 0.30, respectively). The SPF of concealer mousse as well as the liquid foundation containing 0.1% and 0.3% of the passion fruit seed extract were 18.75 ± 0.28, 18.99 ± 0.71 and 9.32 ± 0.88, 9.77 ± 1.37, respectively. Therefore, the concealers with a similar sun-protective efficacy (p>0.05) were included for stability test accordingly. The sun-protective efficacy did not significantly shift (p>0.05) because the 0.1% and 0.3% passion fruit extract concealers had SPF of 18.09 ± 1.48 and 18.60 ± 1.21. The concealers exhibited UVA photoprotection with a boot star rating of 4 and a critical wavelength wider than 370 nm. The safety of 0.1% passion fruit extract concealer mousse was assessed. It did not cause skin irritation when assessed in human volunteers. This sunscreen makeup product provides UVA and UVB protection and is therefore suitable for daily application.

Sample size for estimate the average of Passiflora caerulea fruits traits / Dimensionamento amostral para estimação da média de caracteres de frutos de Passiflora caerulea

ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to determine the sample size needed to estimate the average of wild passion fruit ( Passiflora caerulea ) traits. It was collected randomly, 133, 99 and 133 fruit of wild passion fruit in 30, 21 and 29 plants, located respectively, in the cities of São Borja, Itaqui and Uruguaiana, on the west border of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, totaling 365 fruits harvested in 80 plants. In each fruit were measured ten traits: width, length, fruit, skin, and pulp weight, pulp yield, luminosity and tone of skin and pulp. Then, central tendency, dispersion and distribution measures were calculated and the normality of the data checked. After, it was determined the sample size needed to estimate the average for each character, assuming estimation errors equal to 1, 2, ..., 10% of the mean estimate with confidence levels of 95% and 99%. In wild passion fruit, 12 fruits are sufficient to estimate the mean of luminosity and tone of the skin and pulp, with an estimation error of 5% of the mean and 95% confidence, regardless of the evaluation location (São Borja, Itaqui or Uruguaiana). In this same level of accuracy 36 fruits are needed to estimate the width and length, 52 fruits to estimate the pulp yield and 319 fruits for the evaluation of the fruit, skin and pulp weight.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tamanho de amostra necessário para a estimação da média de caracteres de frutos de maracujá-do-mato ( Passiflora caerulea ). Foram colhidos, aleatoriamente, 133, 99 e 133 frutos de maracujá-do-mato em 30, 21 e 29 plantas localizadas, respectivamente, nos municípios de São Borja, Itaqui e Uruguaiana, na fronteira oeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, totalizando 365 frutos colhidos em 80 plantas. Em cada fruto, foram mensurados dez caracteres: largura, comprimento, massa do fruto, da casca e da polpa, rendimento de polpa, luminosidade e tonalidade da casca e da polpa. A seguir, foram calculadas medidas de tendência central, de dispersão e de distribuição e verificada a normalidade dos dados. Posteriormente, foi determinado o tamanho de amostra necessário para a estimação da média de cada caractere, assumindo erros de estimação iguais a 1, 2, ..., 10% da estimativa da média com graus de confiança de 95% e 99%. Em maracujá-do-mato, 12 frutos são suficientes para a estimação da média de luminosidade e tonalidade da casca e da polpa, com erro de estimação de 5% da média e 95% de confiança, independentemente do local de avaliação (São Borja, Itaqui ou Uruguaiana). Nesse mesmo nível de precisão, são necessários 36 frutos para a estimação da largura e do comprimento, 52 frutos para a estimação da média de rendimento de polpa e 319 frutos para a avaliação das massas do fruto, da casca e da polpa.

Evaluation of the effects of passion fruit peel flour (Passiflora edulis fo. flavicarpa) on metabolic changes in HIV patients with lipodystrophy syndrome secondary to antiretroviral therapy

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of using passion fruit peel flour together with diet therapy and counseling in 36 patients with HIV lipodystrophy who were in an ambulatory clinic in a university hospital. The patients were divided into two groups. One received 30 g of passion fruit peel flour daily for 90 days and diet therapy counseling. The other group received only diet therapy counseling. The metabolic changes were analyzed before and after the intervention, with a significance level predetermined at p ≤ 0.05. The use of passion fruit peel flour was effective in reducing total cholesterol and triacylglycerides after 30 days. The concentrations of LDL-C decreased, while HDL-C increased in the blood of lipodystrophy patients after 90 days passion fruit peel flour treatment. No significant differences in food consumption were seen between groups. The use of 30 g of passion fruit peel flour for 90 days together with diet therapy counseling was effective in improving plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and triacylglycerides.

Avaliação da estabilidade da capacidade antioxidante e de parâmetros físico-químicos de néctares de frutas caseiros / Assessment of the antioxidant capacity and of the physicalchemicalsparameters stability in homemade fruit nectars

Este estudo avaliou a capacidade antioxidante e os indicadores físico-químicos de néctares caseirosde laranja, manga e maracujá, mantidos sob refrigeração (5 ± 2 oC) por 24 horas. Os néctaresforam preparados em laboratório e mantidos sob refrigeração, simulando as condições domésticas.As análises foram realizadas após o preparo (T0) e durante o acondicionamento sob refrigeração(1 h, 4 h e 24 h). Os sólidos solúveis, pH e cor foram determinados respectivamente por refratometria,potenciometria e colorimetria. Carotenoides e ácido ascórbico foram analisados por cromatografialíquida de alta eficiência; a concentração de compostos fenólicos foi determinada utilizando-seo reagente de Folin Ciocalteau e a atividade antioxidante pelo teste do DPPH. Ácido ascórbico,β-caroteno e compostos fenólicos foram identificados em todos os néctares. Foram encontradosα-caroteno e β-criptoxantina no néctar de laranja e licopeno no néctar de manga. Durante 24 horasde refrigeração, os compostos analisados e a atividade antioxidante mantiveram-se estáveis. De formageral, os parâmetros físico-químicos também se mantiveram estáveis durante o período avaliado.Em conclusão, sob as condições utilizadas no presente estudo, os néctares não apresentaramalteração da capacidade antioxidante, podendo ser considerados fontes de carotenoides e vitamina C,mesmo se consumidos após 24 horas de preparo.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and the physical-chemicalindicators of homemade nectars of orange, mango and passion fruit, kept under refrigeration(5 ± 2 °C) for 24 hours. The nectars were prepared in laboratory and kept under refrigerationsimulating the domestic conditions. The samples analyses were performed after their preparations(T0) and during the refrigerated storage (1 h, 4 h and 24 h). Soluble solids, pH and color weredetermined by refractometry, colorimetry and potentiometry, respectively. Carotenoids andascorbic acid were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, the concentrationof phenolic compounds were determined by using Folin Ciocalteau reagent, and the antioxidantactivity by the DPPH test. Ascorbic acid, β-carotene and phenolic compounds were identified inall of the analyzed nectars samples. The α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin were found in orangenectar and the lycopene in mango nectar samples. During the refrigeration for 24 hours,the analyzed compounds and the antioxidant activity remained stable. In general, thephysical-chemicals parameters also remained stable during the storage for 24 hours. In conclusion,under the conditions used in this study, the nectars might be considered as antioxidant sources,even if consumed after being prepared 24 hours before.

Avaliação da estabilidade da capacidade antioxidante e de parâmetros físico-químicos de néctares de frutas caseiros / Assessment of the antioxidant capacity and of the physicalchemicals parameters stability in homemade fruit nectars

Este estudo avaliou a capacidade antioxidante e os indicadores físico-químicos de néctares caseiros de laranja, manga e maracujá, mantidos sob refrigeração (5 ± 2 o C) por 24 horas. Os néctares foram preparados em laboratório e mantidos sob refrigeração, simulando as condições domésticas. As análises foram realizadas após o preparo (T0) e durante o acondicionamento sob refrigeração (1 h, 4 h e 24 h). Os sólidos solúveis, pH e cor foram determinados respectivamente por refratometria, potenciometria e colorimetria. Carotenoides e ácido ascórbico foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência; a concentração de compostos fenólicos foi determinada utilizando-se o reagente de Folin Ciocalteau e a atividade antioxidante pelo teste do DPPH. Ácido ascórbico, β-caroteno e compostos fenólicos foram identificados em todos os néctares. Foram encontrados α-caroteno e β-criptoxantina no néctar de laranja e licopeno no néctar de manga. Durante 24 horas de refrigeração, os compostos analisados e a atividade antioxidante mantiveram-se estáveis. De forma geral, os parâmetros físico-químicos também se mantiveram estáveis durante o período avaliado. Em conclusão, sob as condições utilizadas no presente estudo, os néctares não apresentaram alteração da capacidade antioxidante, podendo ser considerados fontes de carotenoides e vitamina C, mesmo se consumidos após 24 horas de preparo.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and the physical-chemical indicators of homemade nectars of orange, mango and passion fruit, kept under refrigeration (5 ± 2 °C) for 24 hours. The nectars were prepared in laboratory and kept under refrigeration simulating the domestic conditions. The samples analyses were performed after their preparations (T0) and during the refrigerated storage (1 h, 4 h and 24 h). Soluble solids, pH and color were determined by refractometry, colorimetry and potentiometry, respectively. Carotenoids and ascorbic acid were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, the concentration of phenolic compounds were determined by using Folin Ciocalteau reagent, and the antioxidant activity by the DPPH test. Ascorbic acid, β-carotene and phenolic compounds were identified in all of the analyzed nectars samples. The α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin were found in orange nectar and the lycopene in mango nectar samples. During the refrigeration for 24 hours, the analyzed compounds and the antioxidant activity remained stable. In general, the physical-chemicals parameters also remained stable during the storage for 24 hours. In conclusion, under the conditions used in this study, the nectars might be considered as antioxidant sources, even if consumed after being prepared 24 hours before.